‘Hippie Modernism’

Along with the rains that have recently knocked California out of draught, the state is currently absorbing a flood of nostalgia and celebration on the occasion the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love, San Francisco’s storied peak of hippiedom. Mudslides of sappy sentiment loom. Luckily, the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive has seen fit to mount a very different meditation on those turbulent times. Less eye candy than mind map, ‘Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia’ manages to radically reframe a period of creative ferment that – precisely because of its populism and colour – remains weakly understood and remembered within the histories
of art and design.

The exhibition casts an intentionally wide, holistic net. The museum’s halls are filled with 400 works – including textiles, broadsheets, paintings, cookbooks, installations, films, beanbags and even tabs of LSD and dot-matrix printouts. Rural bohemians are represented alongside professional design teams, Black Panthers with computer nerds, mystics with professors. And, although the show now reflects more Northern Californian artists than it did when it first opened at Minneapolis’s Walker Art Center in 2015, the framework is – as all modernisms should be – international. British, Italian, Austrian and Brazilian participants all add to curator Andrew Blauvelt’s central argument that, despite its reputation for radical rhetoric and pre-modern longing, countercultural creativity is most substantially seen as a pragmatic extension of modernism’s formal quest to artfully and idealistically engineer human utopia.

At the heart of ‘Hippie Modernism’ is the notion of design being not a vehicle for product solutions or frictionless living but a prompt for experiment, a framework for novel collaborative action. ‘Design is the formulation of problems for the evolution of a new mentality,’ proclaims the Italian radical architecture group Superstudio in Supersurface: An Alternative Model for Life on Earth – one of their sci-fi photomontage films from 1972. This playful and even impish desire to provoke questions rather than provide answers helps explain why, despite the lasting successes on display – from Quentin Fiore’s paperback book designs to Gary Anderson’s world-famous recycling symbol – so little here seems finished. Even the most realized and explicit artworks can appear ephemeral, makeshift or dependent on moments (or mind states) now gone. The newsprint has faded, the slide projectors clack and wobble, the hallucinogenic tricks fall flat.

And yet, in a dystopian time like ours, this rickety, hands-on openness to the future provides both a balm and a goad. Get to work! Most of the documentary films screened here show young people sawing, hammering and crocheting – whether they are prop-making for the Diggers’ social theatre events, devising huge inflatables as part of the Ant Farm collective or creating Buckminster Fuller-inspired domes in the Drop City commune. As the Whole Earth Catalogs on display made clear, this was an era that transformed ‘tools’ into the active icons of a visionary pragmatism. This DIY spirit did not result in heroic statements or charismatic objects for the art market, but in maps and models, blueprints and flowcharts, catalogues and cookbooks designed to support an architecture of possibility that humans must still construct together.

If all this reminds you of today’s homespun culture, it should. Indeed, ‘Hippie Modernism’ provides the backstory for any number of contemporary fetishes: the artisanal turn towards the handmade; the appeal of pop-up spaces and modest architectures; the fascination with wearable technologies; the use of drugs and Eastern spiritual practices to craft states of consciousness. Even the now-widely accepted links between the counterculture and Silicon Valley are on display, including a 1973 Community Memory computer terminal that once sat in a Berkeley record store, providing public access to the world’s first digital bulletin board. All these echoes and allusions remind us that late capitalism gained much of its hypnotic flash from the pleasures and promise of the counterculture’s tactile utopias, even as it stripped them from larger collective aspirations – not to mention the prankster mirth and dry wit that pervades the works of Archigram, ONYX and Ant Farm, whose refurbished 1971 Chevy Media Van was devoted to ‘total documentation’.

‘Hippie Modernism’ wants to shake up our overly fuzzy narratives of the counterculture. How well the show succeeds becomes evident once you turn to the more overdetermined 1960s paraphernalia it includes, like psychedelic posters, protest signs and wacky clothes. The perforated edges of the anti-war posters silkscreened in Berkeley’s Gorilla Graphics, we now see, betray the paper’s origin in computer labs. Even the LSD blotter paper on display now recalls the shimmering grids of Agnes Martin. The abstract, it seems, must balance the organic if we are going to flourish on this ‘flying spacesphere’ we call home. It might now seem like a pipe dream but, as the multimedia artist Gerd Stern puts it on one canvas here (NO OW NOW, 1962): ‘It is possible that it is possible.’

_{Main image: Sheila Levrant de Bretteville, Women in Design: The Next Decade, 1975, diazo print on paper, 39 x 53 cm. Courtesy: the artist}