Hear here

Raw Materials comprises text pieces that since 1966 have been critical parts of Bruce Nauman’s work – read on the page, spoken and sung in audio works and videos, seen illuminated in neon and chiselled in stone. Using existing material, Nauman recorded some of these texts for the first time and re-recorded others. For this installation he has orchestrated 21 audio selections for the totality that fills the apparently empty volume of the Tate’s Turbine Hall – a space that is 150 metres long, 35 metres high and 23 metres wide. Distinctively long, tall and (relatively speaking) narrow, the Turbine Hall conjures up the imagined vast underground tunnels for which Nauman made large- scale models as sculptures some three decades ago. By contrast, Raw Materials takes up the vast chamber and promises to be a conceptual, experiential work of colossal scale and intimate subtlety. As a precise sculptural gesture, Nauman’s installation is responsive to the details, the processional plan and the geometries of the space. Within the emptiness visitors will navigate by sound and sense. By moving through the linear demarcation of voices traversing and newly structuring the open space, they will individually find in the repetitions and echoes something of the poetics of Gertrude Stein’s ‘no there there’ but at the same time quite literally those of Nauman’s ‘hear’ ‘here’. The repeat of the two homonyms, part of a text engraved on a steel plate for a 1968 sculpture, First Poem Piece, is heard in one of the audios at the Tate. Reading First Poem Piece (which on the page and as an audio is titled You May Not Want To Be Here) makes evident Nauman’s spatial play, his poetic gift and his direct address to his audience, and offers the best introduction I can think of to these qualities in Raw Materials at Tate Modern.

you may not want to be here you may want to be here you want to be here you want to be you may want to be you may not want to be you may not want you may want you may be you may not be you may not be here you may be here you may not want to hear you may want to hear you want to hear you may not hear you may hear you hear

Joan Simon Why audio rather than sculpture or video – or a combination of any of these – in the Turbine Hall project?

Bruce Nauman The first time I saw the space, or one of the first times, at the far end they had a Henry Moore sculpture exhibition¹. And when they were first showing me the space, I realized the cranes in the space were still functioning. So the first thing I thought of was picking up the Henry Moores and flying them around. [Laughs]

JS That’s especially funny given the way you’ve called on Henry Moore before in your work – in the 1967 Light Trap for Henry Moore photos, and the wax sculpture Henry Moore Bound to Fail (back view), among others.

BN Anyway, that was the first thing I thought of. At one point I was starting to think about this fish project I’ve been working on …

JS The large-scale fountain …

BN Yes, and for the Tate, there was an idea of having these fish all over the place, but the space is so enormous. When you are in there you become aware of the sound of the turbine engines on the other side of the building. There weren’t people in the space when I first visited; maybe I was in there after hours. It’s a constant kind of drone, a pleasant kind of sound. Actually, it’s almost a meditative kind of sound, and it changes as you move around in the space. It resonates more in certain places than in others, and you become less aware of it as a larger number of people are in the space. You have to look for it or listen for it. So that may be the reason I thought of a kind of sound piece. Then I started looking for directional speakers so that I could isolate sound.

JS How are the speakers installed?

BN Down the length of the space, there are these vertical I-beams, about seven metres apart. When we started, I was hanging the speakers in the spaces between the I-beams, but they became too much like a picture, an image, an object. So I decided to hang them on the beams and that gave me my spacing, which was a very nice interval installed.

I put them on both sides of the space, opposite each other, so I could have the same texts coming from different speakers or I could have different texts but from the same group or project.

JS Where did you begin?

BN When Dennis Diamond [of Video D] and I started out, we just pulled all the ones we could find that had been recorded, so that I could listen to all those. Some I knew I wanted: THANK YOU; OK; WORK; some of the NO NOs. The short ones came first, and then some of the ones that were slightly longer, like the ‘Clown Torture’ stories. Then Fergus Rougier [Sound Directions Ltd] brought a tape with him that was a generic white noise kind of tape. He said this would simulate the sound of the space when there’s a lot of people in it. It’s a great tape. It sounds like when you’re in a restaurant, or you’re in a hotel lobby, an airport – conversations you’ll never understand. It puts a kind of flat background in. So instead of using his sound on that tape, we decided to use the turbine sounds, which you really can’t hear unless the museum is empty. Then I had Dennis make some tapes where I went BRRRRR BRRR BRRRR and MMMMMMMMMMMM, and it was working OK. Then Fergus said, ‘Let’s just try one of them, and see how it works by itself.’ He went home and tried working with it, moved it up and down a little bit. So we decided to use the MMM only. It’s almost got a little bit of a La Monte Young sound. Resonances and beats as you move around the space.

JS A lot of artists during the late 1960s and early ‘70s were making text works. Some of them were instructions; some were lists of actions or activities; some were actually writing poetry.

BN There was a magazine that I read when I was at school: Art & Literature. There was always a lot of poetry, there would be interviews, and there were, I think, descriptions of things. It was an interesting range of stuff, and it opened up ways of thinking about things, and I learned what other people were doing. Art & Literature – better than Arts & Leisure, a better programme.

JS For staged photographs in the 1960s the titles add a last something.

BN Sometimes the photographs are illustrations of the ideas, and sometimes the titles are the explanation of the objects.

JS And the relation of word to image?

BN Sometimes it was an excuse, sometimes it was sort of misdirection, an excuse or a reason for making something – in a way, labelling something that didn’t have a purpose and giving it a purpose.

After using words, for example, in a 1967 neon, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths (Window or Wall Sign), or titling photos such as Waxing Hot (1967), for a work in which you’re seen polishing the red letters of the word H O T, you soon start making sound pieces using audio tapes.

The first one I did, the one I think is the first piece, is Six Sound Problems for Konrad Fischer [1968], but I had made the audio pieces before. I remade all those tapes in Germany for the Konrad Fischer piece. A lot of those were conceived as performance ideas, and I had bought a cheap 16mm camera at a pawn shop when I was still in school [at the University of California, Davis] and filmed some stuff, but then when I moved to San Francisco there was a big underground film thing, so a lot of people had equipment. And I had the idea for performances, but not really a venue, and it didn’t occur to me to rent a space.

JS In Six Sound Problems for Konrad Fischer you were using the actual recording tape not just for audio but also as a changeable sculptural element.

BN It became a way of dividing the space.

JS And you did two artist’s books, Burning Small Fires (1968) and Clear Sky (1967–8), that ‘cut’ the space of words. So that Clear Sky reads as … Clea Rsky

And Burning Small Fires, which is related to [Ed] Ruscha’s artist’s book, Various Small Fires.

Urning all Ires is what it looks like. How it reads.

What about Get Out of My Mind, Get Out of This Room, from 1968, included in the Tate selections?

BN What I did then was to hide the speakers in the walls in an empty room, and the sound reverberated.

JS It’s not just what you are saying in ‘Get Out of My Mind, Get Out of This Room’, but how you are saying it.

BN I felt like there was a lot of pressure. I had the show at Leo’s [Leo Castelli Gallery], and a show before that in 1968 with Konrad Fischer and then I was in a lot of group shows in New York and Europe. I felt like over that winter of 1968–9 everything I thought of got used up. When I went back to California, I felt really intruded on. People were demanding things. That’s what it felt like. I wanted to move, and a lot of that piece was connected to that feeling I had of being devoured. Maybe it’s why I decided I couldn’t stay on the East Coast. I didn’t know if I could separate myself. I didn’t know if I could separate myself enough from this attention, and physically even, if it was possible to take myself out of that. I don’t know if it was true, or if it would have made a difference, no matter what.

JS The Amplified Tree Piece, (1969). Did you think this could be monitored, or was it about conceiving a mental space?

BN Well, it worked. At least two people heard it. Stanley and Elyse [Grinstein] said you could hear leaves blowing, people talking, and if everything was still and no one was in the yard near the tree, just a quiet hummmm.

JS Could you talk about First Poem Piece (1968)?

BN When we did record it for the Tate project, I did it first as a computer-generated voice. You programme the kind of voice you want and you just type into the computer the words you want – for First Poem Piece the words: YOU MAY NOT WANT TO BE HERE [see full text above]. And I had the computer say the words just as sentences. Then I had the computer say the words just as beats where the blank spaces would be – it goes silent for a metronomic period of time, then says the words that are on there. And then we did it also with a kind of intuitive gap. When Alexander [Ziffer Diamond] does his reading, he sort of does it all three ways. Dennis had his four-year-old son Alexander read it, who can’t read of course. So Dennis had to give him a reading, and he’s just so good. This kid’s voice is so good. As he’s reading, he gets annoyed at Dennis, and that’s when the really great sound levels start to change. His understanding of what was being said was probably greater than the computer voices’s understanding, but still not in it, in the poetic sense at all.

JS You actually use the word ‘poem’ in the title.

I was thinking about Concrete poetry, spacing of the words on the page. Could you describe the scene or situation in San Francisco at the time you began to write some of these texts?

There was ‘penny poetry’ given away free – the hand-outs that were around. Did you go to poetry readings?

BN Some. I remember we went to the first human be-in in Golden Gate Park. Allen [Ginsberg] was there reading and chanting. Do you ever think of yourself as a writer?

Not really. Most of those texts, the long ones, as well as the little short ones, are the result of a lot of editing. A lot of writing that gets more and more condensed. I thought of it as more poetic than literature.

JS Elements of architecture and sound are used in Touch and Sound Walls and Sound Breaking Wall (both 1969). For the latter you used two audio tapes. One of them is you exhaling, and one is of you pounding, laughing.

BN The idea was of the whole room being the sound, the whole room resonating, really locating the sound.

No longer your isolated corridors.

It gets rid of the objectness, all that stuff.

JS It seems that these two pieces are precedents for what you are doing in the Turbine Hall.

BN Yes. That and Get Out of My Mind.

JS In 1969–70 you make the acoustic wedges and acoustic walls.

BN What they’re using is ambient sound. As you move next to something that is sound- absorbing, you feel a pressure change, and then you move away from that. So it’s manipulating the ambient sound that’s in the room – a kind of sculptural manipulation of audio space.

The text from the neon sculpture One Hundred Live and Die (1984), also used as an audio component at the Tate, began as a neon sculpture.

The first time I recorded it was for the show in Belgium [‘Chambres d’amis’]. Actually, the first time I did it was in Germany, for Haus Esters. So it went from being drawings, then the neon, then spoken.

JS What are the differences for you, in terms of the piece’s effectiveness, in each of the variant forms?

BN I don’t know. It’s just different. There’s the immediate visual sensation in the large neon. The programming is almost like fireworks. Whoa! Look at that one! And, especially in the English way we recorded it, it is almost like chanting. It’s instructional, demanding.

JS Another shift is when you use a text, such as Left or Standing, Standing or Left Standing (1971), in tandem with a room-size installation.²

BN With Standing or Left Standing I think that it wasn’t entirely clear to me that there was a connection between the space of the gallery and the text that was being handed out. And then it did become one piece. Then when I did it as a video [in 1999], it fades in two verses, and one verse goes back and forth, sounds into the other.

JS Cones Cojones (1973–5)?

BN That’s a little more direct because actually in that case the tape on the floor becomes almost an illustration, or a visual aid to the text. The text is asking you to imagine a physical description, and the tape is an illustration of where you’re supposed to be imagining it passes through the gallery. The Mask of Rock is a much more abstract relationship.

In the Consummate Mask of Rock installation (1975) the relationship is between the stones in unmatched ‘pairs’– and then also the relationship between the overall field of limestone sculpture and this emotionally devastating text.

The coldness of the stone without the text. Thinking about the text disorients you in the space.

JS An alternate title for that piece is The Mask to Cover the Need for Human Companionship.

BN Yes. I really can’t say, other than they got put together in my mind and presented that way. Well, there was a divorce there. [Laughs] I almost forgot for a minute.

These are very long texts ...

… and they’re all cut and pasted too. I cut them up and taped them and cut them up and re-taped them. You can do it on your word processor now, but that was the way it was done then, with scissors and tape or paste or whatever. Again, it’s going back to Concrete poetry. I had to take a lettering class when I was in college. One of the things that was really interesting and one of the main things where I really learned a lot was when we used to have to take home and copy by hand a reproduction of a medieval manuscript with an actual quill pen, and then bring it back, and the guy would put it upside down on the wall, hang it upside down and say, ‘see it doesn’t scan, it doesn’t read’.

JS In the audio version entitled Anthro/Socio, as in the video installations of 1991 and 1992, the words are sung.

BN I was doing stuff myself, and then I realized that that particular piece needed a professional, or needed somebody who had a voice, rather than me saying it, and I had worked with Rinde [Eckert] before, so I asked if he would work on it. He has the opera training, and has a good voice and presence.

JS Where did the melody come from — him or you?

BN He did it. I just gave him the text and asked him to improvise on it. We worked, and shot a lot of stuff.

JS And those words?

BN It’s a text that I wrote, over some time. I remember I had versions of it pinned on the wall for quite a while and I kept changing it around.

JS How much editing do you do in the writing, and then after, in the recording.

BN On the recordings I try and find the best takes. I almost never have edited tapes. Do it once, get the ones I like. On writing the texts, of course, there’s a lot of editing. Almost always, the result of trying everything, but that’s the way I work. I have some sort of idea about something, get involved in all other ways you could do it, and then try to get it back – get it down to the simplest, most straightforward estimation. And sometimes that’s really close to what I started with, and sometimes it’s not.

JS It’s a very nice way to open the Tate show, to say THANK YOU to your audience at the beginning.

BN I immediately thought that would be the first piece – so they would get thanked on the way in, and they would get thanked on the way out. Originally you had sent that tape as an actual thank you.

I thought of it as a piece. It was a thank you, but it was a piece. I sent it to Ydessa Hendeles as a thank you after Susan [Rothenberg] and I had come back from Toronto, and it was thanking her for taking us to a horse show, and getting us on the airplane. David Byrne after a concert one night said thank you that way. He said THANK YOU THANK YOU. It was a very aggressive thank you, and so that’s what I did. And I was doing those works WORK WORK (1994) , and those things, which fit.

JS The arrangement of texts within the hall is, in a sense, symphonic.

BN When I was presenting my idea of using the texts to the people at the Tate, they called it sampling, a musical sampling and using it like a musical arrangement. The title of the piece is Raw Materials – it’s using this other stuff in an abstract way, in a way without getting involved with the meanings of the texts, but using the rhythms and the textures of the texts, and how they relate to each other, and how they make their own new meaning in the whole thing so that you never really have to understand any one of them, in the way you would if it was presented by itself. And in a way – this isn’t quite true – it allows me to deal with the material without getting emotionally involved with it, and what it was about the first time. I mean I still could do that, and some of them have different involvements, but I was thinking that could be kind of difficult – I couldn’t have put it together if I had to think about it in that way. Maybe the closest thing it’s related to is Mapping the Studio because it’s using stuff that’s left over, in another context.

JS If you had to catalogue Raw Materials for a museum: is it an installation, a sculpture, an audio piece? [Laughs]

How do you conceive of it spatially, visually?

BN Actually, I’ve been thinking about it because it comes out of dealing with that space. Clearly it can go somewhere else, but never the same way it is there. You might never have that size space, in the first place. And you can’t compact it too much. You could change things around, you could add some stuff, take some stuff out. Present it at a smaller scale perhaps, but it will never be the same. Anyway, I don’t know. I always still call myself a sculptor.